Brewed my Pliny The Elder clone today. I boiled off more than I expected, so the gravity was a little higher than expected — 1.082, instead of 1.075. Apart from that it went really well.

A Toast from CJ in J

I finally did it.

I brewed my second batch of CJ’s JPA.

I did not want to tie up the whole day brewing, since it was Memorial Day weekend, so I got as ready as possible the night before and start as early as possible in the morning.

Here is the recipe as I made it:

I formulated this recipe to produce five gallons (19 L) of beer for packaging. I assumed a loss due to trub of a half-gallon in the fermenter and another half-gallon in the boil kettle. That left six gallons (22.7 L) at the end of the boil. I assumed a boil-off rate of about one gallon per hour, which means I needed seven gallons (26.5 L) at the start of the boil for a 60-minute full-volume boil. I adjusted the ingredient amounts accordingly to achieve the desired gravities, bitterness, and pitching rates. I assumed the use of bagged pellet hops for all hop additions. I use the Rager formula for calculating bitterness and the Morey model for calculating beer color.

Recipe: CJ’s House of the Rising Sun JPA

Pre-Boil Volume: 7 gallons (26.5 L)
BG: 1.051 (12.62 °P)
OG: 1.059 (14.51 °P)
FG: 1.015 (3.83 °P)
ADF: 73%
IBU: 89.7
ABV: 5.9%
Color: 7 SRM (17.4 EBC)
Boil: 60 minutes

Fermentation and Conditioning

I used 11 grams of properly rehydrated dry yeast. Fermented at 67 °F (19.4 °C). When finished, I will carbonate the beer to approximately 2.5 volumes.

I liked the result of the live-blog style post for my last brew day, so I am going to do this one the same way.

I have gotten a little behind on my brewing lately. The farm has a gallon-per-minute leak somewhere in the underground plumbing for the outbuildings. We’ve decided to abandon that system in place. With a temporary solution in place, I can now safely chill my beer.

8:00 a.m. — I have the ingredients for two recipes and I have to decide which to make today. The first set is the now-complete ingredients for the CJ’s House of the Rising Sun JPA that I was going to make last time. The other set is for Don Osborn’s Arrogant Bastard clone. Both are extract with specialty grain recipes. I am going to use dry yeast in whichever one I brew.

9:08 a.m. — I have decided to go with the AB clone. Here is the recipe as I am going to make it:

Recipe: Don Osborn’s Arrogant Bastard clone

OG: 1.062 (15.21 °P)

FG: 1.015 (3.83 °P)

ADF: 75%

IBU: 79.1

Color: 14 SRM (35.9 EBC)

Boil: 75 minutes

Pre-Boil Volume: 7.25 gallons (27.4 L)

Pre-Boil Gravity: 1.055 (13.5 °P)

Fermentation and Conditioning

Use 11 grams of properly rehydrated dry yeast. Ferment at 64 °F (17.8 °C). When finished, carbonate the beer to approximately 2.5 volumes.

10:30 a.m. — Brewery set up. Ingredients collected. Heating 3 quarts of water for steep. Crushing grains. The CaraMunich smells a bit like Cracker Jack. It is very tasty, caramelly, crunchy, grainy. The Biscuit has a grassier, dirtier smell. Flavor is bready and biscuity. The Aromatic actually has relatively little aroma dry. The flavor is subtle, as well. Vaguely sweet. The Special B has a grainy, toasty smell. The flavor is slightly sweet, slightly burnt, toasty, with a very slight coffee flavor.

11:02 a.m. — Grains steeping at in 3 quarts of 158°F water for 30 minutes.

11:30 a.m. — Grains done steeping. Adding to brewpot. Adding DME. Adding water to bring volume to 7.25 gallons.

11:50 a.m. — Starting burner boil. Pre-boil gravity 1.055 (13.5 °P).

12:54 p.m. — Boiling. Added Bittering hops and started 75 minute timer.

1:09 p.m. — Rehydrating yeast.

1:25 p.m. — Added flavor hops.

1:50 p.m. — Placing chiller to boil kettle to sterilize.

1:55 p.m. — Adding Irish Moss.

2:00 p.m. — Adding yeast nutrient.

2:10 p.m. — Flame out. Adding aroma hops. Starting to chill.

2:28 p.m. — Chilled. Transferring to fermenter.

3:00 p.m. — Transferred. Original gravity 1.064 (15.6 °P). Rocking to aerate.

3:20 p.m. — Moved fermenter to fermentation chamber. Pitched yeast. Set thermostat. Time to clean up.

Update: 4/19 9:05 a.m. (The next day…) Fermentation started. Not terribly vigorous, but in my experience 64°F is pretty low. If the yeast seems to peter out before too long, I may raise the temperature and rouse the yeast.

Update: 4/21 8:03 a.m. (Three days later…) Slow fermentation != Weak fermentation. I do not normally ferment this cold, so I guess I should expect it to behave differently than I am used to. Normally — at 67 °F, say — I would expect fermentation to be mostly done by now. Instead, I check it this morning and the trub is swirling like mad, the kreusen has filled the head space and the airlock, and the fermenter is sitting in a puddle of stale beer. I sanitized my blowoff tube and slowly removed the airlock. It hissed like mad for quite a little bit of time. I am guessing it was almost ready to blow. I cleaned it up this morning and it is happily blubbing away in the blowoff bottle.

Update: 5/17 9:25 p.m. (One month later…) Finally bottled. Final Gravity: 1.016 (1.015 @ 68 °F calibrated for 60 °F — refractometer indicates 8.9 Brix or 1.017 SG). The sample jar sample tasted good. Promising. Bottled and moved to storage in the cellar.

I was going to brew another batch of CJ’s House of the Rising Sun JPA today. I was going to use the yeast I harvested from my last batch. I made a starter with some of it earlier this week. When I could see stuff starting to grow in the jug, it was the wrong color. It was black. After a few days a nice layer of yeast started to develop, as well, but I was fairly certain it was contaminated. I wasn’t worried, though, as I had some S-04 for emergency use. This morning I decided to sample the starter beer. It was not bad. It was extremely dry, so I’m guessing that whatever the other inhabitant of the flask is, it is much better at converting sugars than the yeast is. It was an interesting flavor and might make a quite refreshing drink, but it was not beer. I decided to go ahead and use the dry yeast.

Then this morning, while I was gathering my brewing gear and ingredients, I wondered whether the strange taste and behavior of the starter was because I accidentally used the Wheat DME from the recipe rather than Plain Light DME. They both came in one-pound bags. They both look roughly the same. I madly searched through my stuff and found the half-used bag of DME. Luckily it was the right stuff. Unfortunately, I could not find the Wheat DME. I searched back through my receipts until I found the correct sheet, only to find that I had forgotten to order any in the first place. So, lacking one of the major fermentables, I will not be brewing what I planned today.

Fortunately, I am getting smart in my old age, or maybe just humble and recognizing that I am an idiot but with proper planning I can account for it. It turns out that I had two sets of ingredients in the brew queue, so today I will be doing a partial mash version of the McQuaker’s Oatmeal Stout recipe from Brewing Classic Styles.

I’m going to do this live-blog style, so look for updates throughout the day.

10:00 a.m. — Preheating oven to 300 °F so I can toast my oats.

10:04 a.m. — 1 pound flaked oats into oven on a sheet pan.

10:09 a.m. — Weighing grains. 8 ounces of Whole Roasted Barley (smells amazing, tastes a bit like coffee grounds). 2 pounds American two-row (smells grainy and tastes like a slightly sweet breakfast cereal). 8 ounces Crystal 80L (smells lightly malty, tastes grainy ands slightly sweet). 12 ounces of Victory Malt (smells lightly malty, tastes like popcorn husks). 12 ounces Chocolate Malt (smells nutty, tastes quite bitter like burnt coffee).

10:18 a.m. — Stirred oats in oven.

10:27 a.m. — Removed oats from oven.

10:36 a.m. — Added toasted oats to crushed grains.

10:42 a.m. — Heating 8.25 quarts of water to 165 °F.

10:56 a.m. — Immersing grain bag in mash liquor and stirring. Mash temperature is 154 °F.

11:28 a.m. — Mash temperature dropped to 150 °F. Heating to 155 °F. Off to set up the brewery.

11:52 a.m. — Heating another two gallons of water to 165 °F.

11:58 a.m. — Lifted the grain bag out of the first pot and let it drain for a minute before transferring it to the other and remixing.

12:08 p.m. — Removed grain bag and let drain and then discarded the grain on the compost pile. Added the wort from the first pot. Measured out 5 pounds 6.4 ounces of Marris Otter LME and added it to the pot and stirred to dissolve. Resulting in 3.75 gallons in my brew pot.

12:35 p.m. — Added 3.25 gallons to get to 7 gallons.

12:50 p.m. — Pre-boil gravity is 1.047 (11.6 °P). Started heating towards the boil. Gas on high.

1:00 p.m. — It‘s one o‘clock and it’s time for lunch. Tum te tum te tum.

1:18 p.m. — Measured out 1.8 ounces of English Kent Goldings (%AA unknown). Starting to re-hydrate dry yeast.

1:28 p.m. — Boiled (and now cooling) 0.5 cups water to use to rehydrate yeast.

1:34 p.m. — Wort is boiling. Added hops and started a 60 minute timer. Reduced gas to medium.

2:07 p.m. — Added dry yeast to the now cool water.

2:15 p.m. — 20 minutes remaining. Added wort chiller to kettle to sterilize.

2:20 p.m. — 15 minutes remaining. Added whirlfloc tablet.

2:25 p.m. — 10 minutes remaining. Added 0.5 teaspoons yeast nutrient.

2:35 p.m. — Flame out… and we’re chillin’.

2:49 p.m. — Chilled to 68 °F. Removed chiller, stir to whirlpool, and lid on.

3:09 p.m. — Transferring to fermenter.

3:45 p.m. — Transfered to fermenter. OG is 1.056 (13.7 °P). Shaking to aerate.

3:55 p.m. — Pitching yeast.

4:15 p.m. — Fermenter moved to fermentation chiller and blowoff tube attached. Temperature controller set at 67±1 °F. Time to clean up.

Update: 15 hours later — 7:00 a.m. the next morning — and we have active yeast.

Update: 2 weeks later — March 21 at 9:51 a.m. — Final gravity is 7.5 °P. With an OG of 1.056, that gives an FG of 1.013 (5.7% ABV, 233 calories per pint). Predicted FG was 1.016. Beer is ready to prime and package. Priming with 4.3 ounces of corn sugar boiled in 2 cups of water. This batch filled 44 pint bottles (5.5 gallons).

Update: 4 weeks later — April 5 at 2:34 p.m. — I’ve actually been sampling this for a few days now and it is definitely done. Very dark. Black (opaque). Thick, brown, long-lasting head. Very malty aroma smelling faintly of coffee ice cream. Very smooth. Very clean tasting. Most of the specialty malts are just noticeable as hints of flavors. Hints of coffee and chocolate. Slight bitterness. I will definitely enjoy this and make it again.

CJ’s JPA

The Brewer in his Brewery
Originally uploaded by brushvalleybrewer

I brewed a milk stout on Thanksgiving this year. It was the Triple-X recipe from Brewing Classic Styles. Jamil talks about it at length in the Sweet Stout episodeof his podcast. Things went really well.

Cider

No Short Measure

Northern Brewer Tongue Splitter

In February 1980 the movie American Gigolo hit the big screen. The studio released its main theme as a single to promote the film. That song reached number one on both the US and UK singles charts. Deborah Harry composed the song and her band — Blondie — performed it. “Call Me” was the name of the song.

So, what does this MTV moment have to do with anything?

I am trying to get back into home brewing. My goal is to get to the point where I grow and harvest all the ingredients myself, dry the hops, malt the barley, roast it, toast it, mill it, mash it, sparge it, brew it, ferment it, package it, and drink it (of course). For now, though, I am just doing extract brewing. I bought myself a copy of Brewing Classic Styles: 80 Winning Recipes Anyone Can Brew by Jamil Zainasheff and John J. Palmer. I have read a few places that blonde ale is one of the easiest to brew. Lo and behold — on pages 96–97 — there is an award-winning recipe for blonde ale. “Call Me!” is the name of the recipe. Jamil talks about it on The Jamil Show. He describes it as “a very approachable beer for people new to craft beer.”

So here is the thing. I lived through the 80s. I remember watching that video on MTV when MTV still played music videos. I swear it took me weeks to realize that there was a connection between the name of the beer and the name of the song. “Call Me!” sounds like an emphatic way of reminding someone to call them. The first thing I thought of was the scene in the episode “The West Coast Delay” of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip where Matt tries to get one of the Bombshell Babies to sign one of her stiletto boots with “Call me, baby,” to get back at Harriet.

When I started rounding up the ingredients and plotting out how I would brew this beer, I realized I was not going to be able to precisely reproduce Jamil’s recipe. So, I needed a new name — something similar, but reflecting that it was not the same. It would be irresponsible for me to do otherwise. Wait a moment! Call Me… Irresponsible! Is that the name of a song? Off to Google. Yes, it is. What is this other song in the search results? OMG! Blondie! That is the connection. Blondie. Blonde ale. Get it? Well it took me weeks and I found it quite by accident. I am a little slow, I guess.

Anyway, my beer continues the play on song titles with Call Me Irresponsible, written in 1962 for Jackie Gleason’s lead role as an alcoholic father in the 1963 film Papa’s Delicate Condition.

What is Different?

A few things are different about my recipe.

First, Jamil based all of the recipes in the book on a seven-gallon boil. I do not yet have the equipment to do a full boil, so I did a partial boil with late extract to reduce caramelization of the extract and darkening of what is supposed to be a very light colored beer.

Second, Jamil has sources for ingredients that I cannot match. The original recipe calls for 8.3 pounds of 2.2° Lovibond liquid malt extract (LME). I would guess that Jamil has something particular in mind that I am simply too new to the hobby to recognize. I used what is as close as I could find which is 2–6°L. Plus, I have to work with amounts I can actually purchase, so I converted that 8.3 pounds of liquid into six pounds of liquid and two pounds of dry. It was actually Briess CBW® Golden Light, which has some Carapils in it. That helps with head retention, which is good, but the original recipe does not call for any. The original also calls for 15°L crystal malt. All I could find was 10°L or 20°L¹. I thought about mixing half and half, but since my base malt was a little darker than Jamil called for, I went with 10°L. That was convenient because I could actually purchase the exact quantity I needed, already crushed.

Third, Jamil calls for 0.98 ounces of 5.0% AA Willamette hops. Multiplying these numbers together, we find the bittering potential of the hops — 4.9 AAU in this case. I do not have a local homebrew store. I order online and take what I get. I ordered one ounce of Willamette hop pellets. What I received was 4.6% AA, so I had a 4.6 AAU bittering potential.

Fourth, I would normally go with liquid yeast and make a starter, but it was July and I am more than two states away from my local homebrew shop, so I went with dry yeast.

Fifthly, and this is the smallest one, I do not have any way to control my fermentation temperature — and it was mid-summer. It went in the closet in the basement, which thankfully was around 69°F. That is pretty good, but the yeasties add a little heat, so the fermentation was a little warmer. The range for the yeast is up to 75°F, so that is probably okay, but it is not the 67°F the recipe calls for.

Finally, I made a tiny little screw-up and missed the part in converting to a partial boil that my volume at pitching was only going to be 5 gallons, while the recipe calls for 6 gallons going at the end of the boil. That makes my statistics significantly higher than Jamil’s, and actually not quite within the style guidelines.

How Does It Measure Up?

Here are the BJCP style guidelines for Blonde Ale, the Brewer’s Association Style Guidelines, and the calculated values for my version of this recipe.

• OG: 1.065 (1.038–1.054)
• FG: 1.016 (1.008–1.013)
• IBU: 25 (15–28)
• SRM: 5.9 (3.0–6.0)
• ABV: 6.6 (3.8–5.5)

BU:GU ratio: 0.38

Comparing the calculated values to the guidelines helps us know what to expect from the beer before we brew it.

Looking at the original gravity (OG) — a measure of how much dissolved sugar there is in our wort — pure water being 1.000 — we see that this recipe is right at the top end of the style. That makes it a big beer for this style. It is not as big as some other styles — like Stout, say — but as big as you can get for the style.

Turning to the final gravity (FG) — a measure of how much unfermented sugar the yeast leave in the beer after they have eaten their fill — we see that this recipe is also at the top end of the style. That means that there will be as much flavor and mouth feel components left as the style permits.

This style allows a range of bitterness, measured in international bitterness units (IBU), of 15–28. At 25, this recipe is at the top end of the range. Bitterness alone turns out to be a misleading value because our ability to taste bitterness seems to be a function of the gravity of the beer. The ratio of bitterness to the 65 points of original gravity is 0.38. That makes it a mildly bitter beer. Or as Jamil put it, “just enough hop bitterness to keep things balanced.”

As I said earlier, my base malt is a little darker than Jamil called for. The calculated color number bears that out. However, it is still in the range for the style and I can be as happy with a “dirty blonde,” as with a “platinum” one.

Finally, with an alcohol by volume (ABV) of 6.6%, this beer is above the top end of the range for the style.

Here is the recipe as I make it:

Call Me Irresponsible Blonde Ale

• 8 ounces crushed Briess Caramel Malt 10°L (steeped)
  Caramel 10L is a roasted caramel malt that imparts golden color. Produced from AMBA/BMBRI recommended 6-Row Malting Barley varieties.

• 2 pounds Briess CBW® Golden Light Dried Extract (start of boil)
  CBW® Golden Light (Powder) is a dry, 100% pure malted barley extract made from 100% Briess malts and water. Ingredients: Briess Base Malt, Briess Carapils® Malt, Water. Fermentability: 80%. Color (8°Plato): 2.0–6.0°L.

• 6 pounds Briess CBW® Golden Light Liquid Malt Extract (15 minutes from end)
  CBW® Golden Light is a liquid, 100% pure malted barley extract made from 100% Briess malt and water. Ingredients: Briess Base Malt, Briess Carapils® Malt, Water. Fermentability: 80%. Color (8°Plato): 2.0–6.0°L.

• 1 ounce Willamette Hop Pellets (4.6%) (start of boil)
  A triploid seedling of the English fuggle variety developed in the U.S. A quality aroma hop. Moderate amounts of luplin, golden yellow in color. Mild and pleasant aroma, slightly spicy, fruity, floral, little earthy. 4.0–6.0% w/w alpha acids.

• 1 teaspoon Irish Moss (15 minutes from end)
  Irish moss is a type of seaweed that is gathered along seashores of the north Atlantic, including Ireland — hence its common name. It’s also called carrageen, which is the name of its active ingredient. In addition to beer, components of Irish moss are used as thickening agents in ice cream, salad dressing, toothpaste, pudding, and paint. Irish moss fits in the category of kettle finings. It is added to the brew kettle, usually during the last few minutes of the boil. It helps to settle out proteins in the wort that could contribute to haze later on.

• 1 packet Fermentis Safale US-05 Dry Ale Yeast (in fermenter)
  A ready-to-pitch dry American ale yeast. Safale US-05 produces well balanced beers with low diacetyl and a very clean, crisp end palate. Sedimentation: low to medium. Final gravity: medium. Recommended fermentation temperature: 15–24C (59–75F).

• 5 ounces Corn Sugar (for priming)
  Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. There are two isomers of glucose — D-glucose and L-glucose. The “D” form is produced and consumed by biological organisms and D-glucose is often called dextrose. D-glucose extracted from corn is often called corn sugar.

Boil Duration: 60 minutes

Fermentation Temperature: 67°F

Carbonation: 2.5 volumes

The “Extra” Water

Since this procedure calls for a split boil, pre-boil and cool four gallons of water. If you can, it would be a great idea to do this the night before. That way you can cover it and let it cool naturally rather than going to the effort of force cooling the water while you are dealing with brewing your beer.

Rehydrating the Yeast

I had not used dry yeast since the last millennium. As a refresher, I went with what the manufacturer — Fermentis — had to say:

Re-hydrate the dry yeast into yeast cream in a stirred vessel prior to pitching. Sprinkle the dry yeast in 10 times its own weight of sterile water or wort at 27°C ± 3°C (80°F ± 6°F). Once the expected weight of dry yeast is reconstituted into cream by this method (this takes about 15 to 30 minutes), maintain a gentle stirring for another 30 minutes. Then pitch the resultant cream into the fermentation vessel.

This yeast comes in an 11.5-gram packet. Ten times that weight is 115 grams, which is about a quarter pound. Since a pint is a pound the world around, use a quarter pint — or half-a-cup — of the pre-boiled water to rehydrate the yeast.

If you do not pre-boil your extra water, bring a few cups of water to a boil for one minute. Cover it and allow it to cool to between 74°F and 86°F.

Add half-a-cup of the sterile water to a sanitized bowl. Open the dry yeast packet and sprinkle into the water. Allow this to stand for half an hour. After half an hour, periodically give the bowl a gentle stir over the course of the next half-hour.

Steeping the Specialty Grains

John Palmer provides an appendix in Brewing Classic Styles on steeping specialty grains. It is very similar to the section on his How to Brew site. He does make the suggestion, though, that the ratio of steeping water to grain should be less than one gallon per pound. This helps control the pH of the wort in areas with alkaline water. That reduces the likelihood of tannin extraction, which causes an astringent flavor. Since I have not had my water tested, I just play it safe. This recipe calls for a half-pound of specialty grain, so use a half-gallon of steeping water.

Place the half-pound of crushed caramel malt into a grain bag. In your brew pot, heat a half-gallon of water to 160°F ± 10°F. Turn off the heat. It is not necessary to keep the water at temperature. Immerse the grain bag in the steeping water for 30 minutes. Occasionally, move the bag about to ensure all of the grain is wet and help improve the extraction efficiency. At the end of 30 minutes, lift the grain bag and allow it to drain. Do not worry about getting every drop. Discard the spent grain.

The Partial Boil

John also includes a chapter at the start of the book that includes a section on how to convert a full-boil recipe to a partial boil. The basic concept is to use a smaller volume of water with part of your malt extract to try to reproduce the gravity of the full boil so that you get the same hop extraction efficiency.

The original gravity of the full boil recipe is 1.050. The resulting wort from the steeped specialty grains, combined with the two pounds of dry malt extract dissolved in enough water to make two gallons has a gravity of 1.051. This is close enough. This forms the partial boil and allows for the correct hop extraction efficiency.

To the brew pot, add the two pounds of dry malt extract and enough water to make two gallons of wort. Stir to dissolve the dry malt extract. Bring the wort to a boil. When initial foaming subsides, add the one ounce of Willamette Hop Pellets and start a 60 minute timer.

With 15 minutes left in the boil, turn off the heat and stir in the six pounds of liquid malt extract and the Irish moss. Stir until the extract is dissolved, then resume heating. Keep the boil clock running. When the boil clock expires, cover and remove the brew pot from the heat.

Cooling and Aerating the Wort

In order to be able to pitch the yeast without killing it, you need to chill the wort. As when we rehydrated the yeast earlier, you really want the water temperature below 86°F. Ideally, you would want it close to fermentation temperature.

As with much of my other brewing equipment poverty, I do not have a fancy whirlpool immersion chiller (though I lust after one). I cool my wort in the sink in cold water. I take a two-liter soda bottle or a half-gallon milk jug filled with water and stick it in the freezer a day or two before brewing. Then I use it to give me a little extra cooling power in the water in the sink around my brew pot. I do recognize, though that it is important to cool the wort quickly. Here are a few of the dangers that are minimized by rapid cooling:

• Infection by bacteria and wild yeasts
• Hot-side aeration
• Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) formation

In addition to these, while the wort is still warm, you are still cooking off the aromatics from your hops, so the quicker you can cool, the more hop flavor and aroma you will have.

Cooling Instructions — Tub or sink filled with cold or ice water. Two liter soda bottles filled with water and frozen. Stir the wort with a sanitized spoon. Change the water in the sink when it warms up.

Once cooled to the desired temperature, transfer the wort to a six-and-a-half gallon glass carboy. Leave the majority of the sediment in the brew pot behind. I use a funnel with a built-in screen that catches most of the hops. Of course, they also quickly plug the screen, so I have to scrape it with a spoon to let the wort through. Once all the wort is in the carboy, shake it to aerate. Then, from the pre-boiled water, add enough to make five gallons and pitch the yeast.

Scientist Fred Johnson, of the Cheddington Brewery, Apex, North Carolina, has written a paper comparing various aeration methods. He found that simply shaking a carboy for five minutes will take dissolved oxygen levels in the wort to over 90% of saturation. This is about as efficient as you can get. James Spencer interviewed Fred on 8/7/08 episode of Basic Brewing Radio.

Pitching Instructions — Fill with the two gallon wort, add the yeast, then rock to aerate, top off with pre-boiled and cooled water to make five gallons. What about an air lock/blow-off tube? six-and-a-half gallon carboy, vigorous fermentation, but safe for airlock. How about some gravity readings? Hydrometer, quantity required, waste, chance of infection, refractometer.

Fermentation

I do not have a fermentation chiller. In the summer I ferment in a closet in the basement. The ambient temperature in the basement is around 69°F. Yeast do not care about the ambient temperature. They care about the temperature of their environment, which is the beer. The fermentation activity generates about 8°F, so the beer actually runs about 77°F. Which might cause some ester — banana — or even some fusel — hot — alcohol issues. The air temperature would have to be about 59°F to have 67°F inside the fermenter. Live and learn.

Place the fermenter in a cool dark location where it can ferment at 67°F until fermentation completes. Two weeks should be a reasonable guess. How about some gravity readings?

I let the fermentation go on for four weeks. Once the activity slows down in the carboy a bit, it stops generating so much heat. In addition, we hit a cool spell weather-wise, so the ambient temperature was a bit lower, as well, and the beer ended up fermenting the last couple of weeks at about 68°F.

Bottling

This recipe calls for carbonating with a fairly standard 2.5 volumes of CO₂. John Palmer has a handy nomograph on his How to Brew site, also there are a bunch of web-based calculators out there, but the basic rule of thumb comes down to “boil ¾ cup of corn sugar (4 ounces by weight), or ⅔ cup of white sugar, or 1¼ cup dry malt extract in 2 cups of water and let it cool.” Once cool, put the simple syrup in the bottom of a sanitized bottling bucket. Then rack the beer from the fermenter on top of it using a sanitized racking cane and hose, being careful not to splash. Then hook up a hose and bottling wand to the spigot on the bottling bucket and start filling and capping bottles.

Put the bottled beer back where it had been fermenting. Leave it there for another two to four weeks. At that point it should be ready.

As sometimes happens, there was not quite enough to fill the last bottle, so I got to sample. It has a very nice nose. Not hoppy at all, but nice. I suppose it is malty. It is amber in color, slightly cloudy. Like apple juice. The flavor is pleasantly sweet with a bit of a honey taste at the end. The beer has surprisingly good body and is not thin, or watery, as I had feared it would be. I cannot wait to try it properly carbonated and chilled.